Introduction
Adult website operators are typically familiar with the obligations imposed by Title 18 U.S.C. § 2257 (“Section 2257”) which mandates the compilation and maintenance of certain records relating to the production of sexually explicit content. Less well known, but equally if not more important, are the reporting obligations imposed on certain website operators under 18 U.S.C. § 2258A. This federal statute requires “electronic communication service providers” such as hosts, forums, dating sites, tube sites, and advertising networks, to report any apparent violations of child exploitation laws, to the CyberTipline; http://www.missingkids.org/cybertipline/, operated by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (“NCMEC”). The following is a summary of those reporting obligations.
What Violations Must Be Reported?
Qualifying service providers must report “apparent” violations of federal laws relating to child exploitation or child pornography. No specific definition of what constitutes an apparent violation is included in the statute. However, as discussed below, there are benefits to erring on the side of submitting a report in questionable cases.
When Must the Report Be Made?
The report to the CyberTipline must be made as soon as reasonably possible after the website operator obtains actual knowledge of any facts or circumstances that a violation of the relevant laws has occurred in connection with the operation of the site or online service. While no specific time frame is included in the law, the statute contemplates prompt reporting of suspected violations.
What Must the Report Contain?
There are 2 types of reports that can be submitted: a public report, or a secure, private report by a registered service provider. The registration process requires that certain information about the service provider be voluntarily submitted. The secure report permits uploading of images, and provides a receipt confirming the submission. Service providers are encouraged by NCMEC to register and submit secure reports by submitting an email to its coordinator at espteam@ncmec.org.
The report must include certain categories of information:
- Identifying information about the individual responsible for posting or transmitting the images, such as IP address, or email address (including any self-reported information submitted by the user).
- Historical information about when and how the user posted the illegal content.
- A description of how the violation was discovered by, or reported to, the service provider.
- Geographic location information relating to the responsible user such as billing address, IP address, or zip code.
- The suspected images themselves. Note, all “associated images” must be preserved by the service provider as well.
- The complete communication relating to the suspected images, including any data, digital file, or other information relating to the transmission of information.
What Other Obligations Apply?
In addition to reporting suspected violations, the service provider must preserve the NCMEC report for a period of 90 days, plus an additional 90 days if requested by NCMEC. The full contents of the NCMEC report must be preserved, along with any other images that are “comingled” or “interspersed” with the suspected images. Read broadly, this could include all images that appear on a given web page, or which are uploaded by a particular user into the user’s folder or directory. The website operator must also take steps to keep the preserved material in a secure location, and limit access to the material by its agents or employees. Finally, operators must permanently destroy any reported images upon the request of law enforcement.
Importantly, the statute does not impose an obligation to monitor any user or the content of any user. Moreover, there is no obligation to affirmatively seek out potential violations of the applicable laws. In other words, service providers are not required to become child exploitation investigators.
Why Should the Report be Filed?
Affected website operators might ask themselves why they should get involved in submitting reports to law enforcement, relating to their users’ activities. The most obvious answer is because the law requires such involvement. Failure to report suspected violations is a criminal offense which can result in the imposition of substantial fines. Moreover, federal law provides a form of immunity from civil or criminal prosecution for the service provider, in connection with the submission of any reports to the CyberTipline. See, 18 U.S.C. §2258B(a). However, this legal protection can be lost if the service provider engages in any intentional misconduct, or if it acts (or fails to act) with actual malice, or reckless disregard for injury to others. §2258B(b).
Conclusion
Certain popular online business models trigger compliance obligations with a wide variety of federal statutes and regulations. Among them are the statutes imposing reporting obligations to the CyberTipline. Affected website operators are encouraged to educate themselves regarding the details of these requirements, to avoid inadvertent violations and to foster a cooperative relationship with agencies investigating instances of child exploitation.
The Law of Sex 